Whose fault is it that fare evasion is so high?
At a simplistic (and legal) level, it is generally the fault of the passenger – if they have passed an opportunity to pay, then they should have done so. Usual caveats apply such as staff gone AWOL, TVM broken, only have cash, only have card etc.
However, an individual’s behaviour in any specific circumstance will be determined by a number of factors, including;
1) The price of the ticket (in relation to income, alternatives and the cost of living generally),
2) The ease of opportunity to pay,
3) The level of enforcement,
4) The impact of not paying (from just ‘pay on the day what you would have paid anyway’ through to a prison sentence),
5) Previous knowledge / experience (their own, that of friends and colleagues, and observation of others).
Of those five points, all are within the control of the rail industry rather than the individual passenger.
1) Rail tickets are the price they are, you can either afford it or you can’t. If you can’t afford it you can’t travel by train. Move house, change jobs, shop more locally, go by bus, get a lift, buy a bike / moped / car.
2) The rail industry (in which I include the DfT and PTA’s as funders) is responsible for the location and opening hours of ticket offices, it is responsible for the provision of TVM’s, it is responsible for devising pre-purchase products (season tickets / smart cards etc), all of which determine the ease of opportunity to pay.
3) The rail industry is responsible for the extent and type of revenue enforcement carried out. It is responsible for providing / managing staff on trains and at stations. It chooses the frequency / extent of enforcement campaigns. It chose to make virtually all stations ‘open’ – it is not that long since all main stations had staffed ticket barriers so the opportunity to (easily) board a train without a ticket simply didn’t exist.
4) The rail industry is responsible for the complete mess that is ‘remedial’ activity. Across the national network the range of options presented to the ticketless (or wrongly ticketed) traveller is bewildering. To a regular traveller within a narrow geographical area (e.g. a single TOC) it may well be clear and obvious what the rules are within that area, and people can be expected to comply or face the penalty. But, travel outside your comfort zone, and you could be mistaken for thinking you are travelling on a completely different railway network. Pity the poor traveller who does a tour of the country: rural Cumbria one day (pay on train, normal fares with all discounts apply), urban Greater Manchester the next (civil ‘failure to pay’ scheme), urban West Midlands the next (formal Penalty Fare scheme) and then into Network land (gates at every station). Now, if you were to meet all those on a single day or even a single journey, which regime should / would the transgressing passenger be subjected to – I’m looking here at a Virgin West Coast Glasgow to London via Birmingham service with connections! On Virgin, of course, the whole range of fares from Full Standard Single to full range of discounted tickets is, seemingly, randomly applied.
5) If all ones friends and colleagues are saying “oh, I never pay”, “I’ve never had my ticket checked”. If ones personal experience confirms that to be the case and it is always the case that you can get on the train, travel, and get off the train without sight of any railway staff, is it really such a surprise that a large number of people have stopped paying for their journeys? Is it a question of honesty or integrity, or is it a question of stupidity i.e. you are stupid to pay for something when you don’t have to and no-one else does?
For a given 100 people, 10 (say) will always pay, come what may, even going well out of their way to ensure they have a ticket. At the other end of the spectrum, 10 (say) will never pay, come what may, going well out of their way to avoid payment by climbing fences, hiding in toilets or walking off down the track to exit the station through a hole in the fence. It is the 80 in between that revenue protection is about; the easier it is to pay, the higher the level of enforcement, the stiffer the penalty, then the lower the amount of fare evasion. As you reduce the first three, the latter will increase. Virtually abandon the first three and hardly anyone will bother to pay.
Obvious really, but some TOC’s seem to live in a world where they feel that they need make no effort themselves to sell tickets to people, ‘naively’ expect every traveller to pro-actively seek out an opportunity to pay, and then express outrage when fare evasion become endemic. Of course, with strict liability and criminal sanctions, they don’t have to make any effort do they!
People tend not to like retailing analogies, but you can have one anyway.
As a means of increasing efficiency / reducing losses, a major supermarket chain removes all of the payment kiosks at its petrol forecourts. Instead offering people the opportunity to buy in advance, pay at pump, or pay at an alternative location – the supermarket itself. At the same time it displays prominent signs ‘you must pay for your petrol at the first opportunity’ and ‘if no payment facilities are available you may pay at any point during or at the end of your shopping trip’. Would the number of people leaving without paying for some, or all, of their petrol;
a) stay the same,
b) increase,
c) decrease.
Bringing it back to context, I was for a good while in the late 1980’s a student in Birmingham, using the cross-city line on frequent basis. Then, at the stations I regularly used, (Perry Barr, New Street and Five Ways), there were staff at the entrance to stations checking tickets. At Perry Barr, the person came out of the ticket office and stood in the entranceway, at New Street there were permanently staffed plastic booths, at Five Ways there was a plastic booth (staffed peak hours only) at the top of the stairs along with ticket office staff. If I remember correctly, all other stations had similar arrangements. Who decided to cut those staff/ change those arrangements, on what basis, and what consequences did they expect? What increase in fare evasion was expected and what has panned out in practice?
The posts upthread seem to suggest that the cross-city line (and LM generally) has become some lawless wildwest where payment is an optional extra! Whose fault is that? Having said that, LM staff on the Crewe – London and Liverpool – Birmingham routes generally come through the train after each stop, which is how it should be.
You do not need to staff every station in the land 24/7/365, merely have intelligent, targeted revenue protection – of sufficiently frequent use to change attitudes and behaviours, appropriate to the location. Heavily used urban services with frequent stops needs a different approach to Berney Arms! It is unreasonable to expect a guard to do his duties dispatching the train whilst at the same time checking all tickets on a 3 or 4 car unit e.g. Cross City Line or Leeds – Skipton. One answer is DOO, releasing the guard to carry out revenue functions. Another is frequent but random ‘spot’ blocks at stations, another is roving packs of revenue inspectors on board most trains. The higher the profile, the higher the chance of being caught.