Andover was the centre of the 1830 "Swing Riots" against the beginnings of mechanisation of farming and the cutting back of poor relief by Parish Councils. Following the riots a Special Commission of Assize with no jury and with a panel of magistrates, many of whom were landowners affected by the riots, sentenced twelve men to death. Two of the men were executed in front of the others, who were then told that their sentence had been commuted to transportation to Australia. The public uproar created led ultimately to the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 and the creation of Workhouses.
Andover again became the centre of disquiet in 1845 when the Master of the Andover Workhouse was found to be embezzling the funds intended for food for the inmates for his own profit. The inmates had been reduced to gnawing the bones they were given to crush to make bonemeal. That and a similar case in Huddersfield in 1848 resulted in public pressure for further reform.