I'm pretty sure that ETCS does allow for a certain tolerance in kilometres an hour or miles per hour before the brakes would kick in.
Around the edge of the speedometer is the speed 'hook' showing the maximum speed possible. If the driver exceeds the speed displayed by the hook, then it displays different colours along with audible indicator to aert the driver to reduce speed.
The colours are:
Key Speed Indications & Colors:
- Permitted Speed (Gray/White): A gray bar or hook on the speedometer indicates the maximum allowed speed, with white generally for normal running.
- Indication (Yellow): The speedometer turns yellow (or a yellow segment appears) when speed must be reduced; an audible alarm sounds to alert the driver.
- Warning (Orange): If the driver doesn't slow down, the display turns orange, and a louder alarm sounds, signaling immediate action is needed.
- Intervention (Red): If speed still isn't reduced, the display turns red, and the system automatically applies the brakes.
Therefore it is possible for a driver to exceed the maximum peritted speed by a small amount where the speed hook turns to yellow, but no brakes are applied.
On HS1, the TVM in-cab signalling also shows maximum peritted speed, but there is a 10km/h tolerance allowed where the brakes would not kick in. Nevertheless drivers are instructed NOT to stray above the maximum permitted speed. The reality is that on-train data recorders and monitoring of these by driver managers ensures that any indicated overspeeds even by a km/h or two can result in tea and biscuits with a driver manager!
Gone are the days when our beloved Intercity trains would allow slight overspeeds of up to 127/128mph before power would be cut to the motors!