I don't smoke, and I have not been to Ealing for many years - but a question - do these private goons have the right to demand your identity ? What happens if you refuse, and resist any attempts they might make to assault you ?
You are legally obliged to provide them with your name and address. Failure to do so is an offence. Providing false information is an offence. They are not legally entitled to ask you for ID, but in the majority of cases they will ask, doing so reduces the need to phone through and ask for a cross reference of the electoral list.
There have been reports of people just ignoring them and walking through the ticket barriers. In reality, BT police could be called but I doubt that they would prioritise such calls.
Ultimately, you are being accused of a criminal act. Paying the Fixed Penalty Notice discharges the offence. If you refuse to pay and end up being found guilty in court you end up with a criminal record and typically a fine of £400-500 (for more "trivial" litter.
There is no legal requirement to offer an independent appeals process (nor is there any requirement to allow car drivers an appeals process). Pay up or go to court. That said, if you pay a solicitor to send representations to the council you may well find that the council will back down in cases where they know that no offence has been committed. This is especially true given that the council only stand to make £20 and could end up hundreds of pounds out of pocket if they go to court and lose. Unfortunately most people collared by these private outfits will probably pay up, even if they genuinely believe that they have not committed an offence. In many cases a solicitor's letter may cost more than the "fine" though.
Examples of trivial crimes that might well be kicked out by the courts? Sitting on a park bench, noticing a newspaper next to you, picking it up, deciding that you don't want to read it and putting it back where you found it. Kicking llitter left on the pavement out of the way. Something falling out of your pocket as you walk along. Feeding wildlife. Footballers spitting on the pitch during a game. Marathon runners dropping plastic cups at water stations. Cars losing a trim whilst in transit. Accidentally leaving your umbrella before getting on a train . Allowing leaves to fall on to the footpath whilst triming your garden hedge. All of which are technically offences under the 1990 Environmental Protection Act ( and subsequent amendments). I doubt very much that anyone other than a "no win but we get paid anyway" organisation would be quite that pedantic.
Ironically, Ealing Council are not responsible for cleaning the land managed by GWR. Ealing Council however have to pay the private security firm £60 for every £80 FPN handed out, even though many of those fines will not be paid (appeals/foreign nationals/ etc).
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The independent parking appeal tribunals have regularly ruled such offences de minimis and cancelled any such fines.
Councils are not legally obliged to offer tribunals in the cases of parking infractions. Nor do they legally have to accept the decisions of the tribunals.
They tend to though because they are afraid of the potential public backlash.
Regarding litter, it is a far more emotive subject, particularly with regard to smoking related litter, as has been evidenced by some of the comments here. They, the councils, seem to hope that the lay person will assume that anyone accused of littering is a miscreant who deserves to be punished. Their (potential) innocence is irrelevant.
Thin edge of the wedge stuff....