Is there anywhere that you can find a comprehensive list of stations that fall under this category?
You can see it on the Penalty fares leaflet for the appropriate Toc which operates a Penalty fare scheme. For instance;
this is the London Northwestern/West Midlands Railway leaflet. Whilst they have a number of barriered stations; the only two Compulsory ticket area stations are Moor Street and Snow Hill in Birmingham. Alternatively you could submit a FoI to the DfT/Transport Focus for a copy of the relevant Toc's Penalty fare scheme paperwork (you will find a few ones online already from a couple of years ago).
Very few parts of stations are actually covered by a Compulsory ticket area and many Tocs have none at all; they are only enforced by a Penalty fare so if a Toc does not have a Penalty fare scheme then it does not have any Compulsory ticket areas.
Note, that for services operated on behalf of TfL (this is DLR, Overground, TfL Rail and Underground), Penalty fares are issued under different legislation and Penalty fares leaflets and policies are not published. The overwhelming majority (possibly all, I have not checked?) of these stations have Compulsory ticket areas, and under the TfL Railway byelaws it is possible to be taken to court for entering the Compulsory ticket area without a valid ticket.