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fwiw my memory of A level physics from 50 years ago:
1. extend a sample by a certain distance, which will require a force dependent on material, x-section etc etc.
2. extend the same sample by the same distance by heating it.
3. the force needed to restrain the expansion in example 2 is equal...
This from 2001 made it the railway's problem. English law from a while ago though.
https://www.lgcplus.com/archive/railtrack-losing-to-council-over-pigeon-mess-is-landmark-for-land-owners-01-08-2001/
no.
function creep will go like this:
immigrants have their spending controlled.
the unemployed have their spending controlled.
everyone has their spending controlled.
the railway was pretty much a closed system in my youth, if it was affordable then it's affordable now.
traincos have made a commercial decision to lose fare revenue and save on gates.
thought experiment:
1. compute the cost of running the current service, but with no passengers.
2. compute the cost of running the current service *with* passengers.
3. compute (2) - (1) as marginal cost of carrying passengers.
4. indulge in statistical jiggery pokery to obtain marginal...
fwiw I had a debt collector come after me for a gas bill I didn't owe, they backed right off when I threatened to report them to the police for harassment. cause/effect? we'll never know.
talking of toilets, when I was last using the railway for long distance travel, years ago, the wonderful computerised doors didn't open.
the car is far superior in this regard - services or layby plus bush.
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